[228] Tàihé 2/Jiànxīng 6/Huángwǔ 7, Part 1
228 AD, Part 1, Zhūgě Liàng's First Northern Expedition
Spring, Standard Moon in Wèi [228 February 23 - March 23], Sīmǎ Yì attacked and defeated Xīnchéng, beheading Mèng Dá, sending his head. Divided Xīnchéng’s Shàngyōng, Wǔlíng, Wū counties to form Shàngyōng prefecture, Xī county to form Xī prefecture.1
Previously, Mèng Dá’s letter to Zhūgě Liàng said: “Wǎn from Luò is eight hundred lǐ, from me by one thousand two hundred lǐ. Hearing I wish to mobilize, he will memorialize up to Heaven’s Son, back and forth will take one moon, then my city will already be firm, the various armies sufficient to deal with. As where I am is deep and rugged, Sīmǎ Yì certainly will not personally come, his officers will come, I have no worries.” When the troops arrived, Mèng Dá again reported to Zhūgě Liàng saying: “I raised affairs in eight days and yet troops reached below the city, what incredible speed!” Shàngyōng city on three sides was blocked by rivers, Mèng Dá outside the city walls made wooden fences to self defend. Sīmǎ Yì crossed the rivers, destroying the fences, directly reaching below the city walls, on eight paths attacking it.2
Sīmǎ Yì enticed Mèng Dá’s officer Lǐ Fǔ and sister’s son Dèng Xián, and Dèng Xián and others opened the gates to let in the army. Mèng Dá had been besieged for ten and six days and then was defeated. Burned his head at Luòyáng’s four way intersection.3 The captured were over ten thousand people. Sīmǎ Yì led the army back to Wǎn.4
Previously, Shēn Yí had for a long time been at Wèixīng, usurping authority on the borders, claiming regulations to carve seals, and give out temporary appointments. When Mèng Dá was executed, he had his own doubtful heart. At the time the various prefecture administrators because Sīmǎ Yì had newly been victorious offered gifts to give congratulations, and all were accepted. Sīmǎ Yì sent someone to call Shēn Yí, Shēn Yí arrived, was investigated on the situation of usurping regulations, arrested him, sending him to the capital. Also relocated Mèng Dá’s remaining multitudes of over seven thousand families to Yōu province. Shǔ officers Yáo Jìng and Zhèng Tā and others led their subordinates of over seven thousand people to come surrender.5
That Spring, Zhūgě Liàng spread word he would by Xiégǔ road capture Méi, sending Zhào Yún and Dèng Zhī with a decoy army, occupying Jīgǔ. Wèi’s General-in-Chief Cáo Zhēn led his multitudes to resist them.6 Zhào Yún’s and Dèng Zhī’s troops were weak and the enemy was strong, and they were unsuccessful at Jīgǔ, however they restrained their multitudes to firmly defend, so it did not reach to a large defeat. The army retreated, and Zhào Yún was later demoted to Defending Army General.7
Zhūgě Liàng personally led the various armies to attack Qíshān, his military lines were orderly, his rewards and punishments respected and his orders clear. Nán’ān, Tiānshuǐ, Āndìng three prefectures rebelled against Wèi to answer Zhūgě Liàng, and Guānzhōng was alarmed and shaken.8
Previously, Wèi believed that in Shǔ there had only been Liú Bèi, Liú Bèi had died, and for several years it had been quiet with no alarm, and therefore there tended to be no preparations in advance, and on suddenly hearing Zhūgě Liàng had set out, from the Court to the wilds all were afraid, Lǒngyòu and Qíshān extremely so, and therefore three prefectures at the same time complied with Zhūgě Liàng.9
At the time the Wèi Court ministers did not know what plan to use. Cáo Ruì said: “[Zhūgě] Liàng uses obstructing mountains for defense. Now that he has personally come, it is in accordance to the military book’s methods of ‘delivering people.’ Moreover, [Zhūgě] Liàng is greedy for the three prefectures, knows to advance but does not know to retreat, now taking advantage of this opportunity, defeating [Zhūgě] Liàng is certain.” Therefore Cáo Ruì organized troops and horses infantry and cavalry of fifty thousand, wishing to personally campaign west.10
Zhōng Yáo’s son Zhōng Yù appellation Zhīshū had previously become a Cavalier Attendant Cadet at fourteen, was skilled and quick in conversation and jokes, resembling his father. Zhōng Yù sent up memorial that said: “Strategies are the nobility of the Court’s victories, achievements are for the tents. Without descending from the top of the Palace Halls, yet deciding victories a thousand lǐ outside. The Imperial Carriage should stay and defend the central lands, to use authoritative prestige to assist the Four Quarters. Now if the main army goes on western campaign, though it be a hundred times in power, the expenditures in Guānzhōng would lead to unequal losses. Moreover, to in flourishing summer heat deploy brigades, is what the poets considered serous, and truly not the time for the Utmost Honored to move about.”11
Cáo Ruì did not listen and went west to defend Cháng’ān, sending Zhāng Hé to resist Zhūgě Liàng.12 General-in-Chief Cáo Zhēn was sent as Capital Commander west of the passes, all advancing troops.13
The previous year [227], when Zhūgě Liàng stationed Hànzhōng, he appointed Wèi Yán as commander of the front division, designate Assistant Chancellor’s Major and Liáng province Inspector.14 At that time, Xiàhóu Mào was Wèi’s Securing West General, defending Cháng’ān. When Zhūgě Liàng had been at Nánzhèng with his various subordinates discussing plans, Wèi Yán had said: “One hears Xiàhóu Mào is young, their ruler’s in-law, cowardly and without planning ability. Now if you lend me elite troops of five thousand, provision carriers of five thousand, to directly from Bāozhōng set out, following the Qínlǐng and going east, reaching Zǐwǔ and going north, in not more than ten days we can reach Cháng’ān. [Xiàhóu] Mào will hear that [I, Wèi] Yán have suddenly arrived, and certainly ride a boat to flee away. Inside Cháng’ān will only be the Inspector and Jīngzhào Administrator, Héngmén’s supply depots and the grain of the scattered civilians will be enough for food. By the time the east gathers together, it will be about twenty days, but Your Excellency will from Xié valley come, certainly enough time to reach us. In this way, in one movement all from Xiányáng on west can be settled.” Zhūgě Liàng believed this too risky, not as good as safely following the flat roads, to be able to pacify and capture Lǒngyòu, perfectly certain to succeed and without worries, and therefore did not use Wèi Yán’s plan.15
Xiàhóu Mào appellation Zǐlín was Xiàhóu Dūn’s middle son. Previously, Cáo Cāo had his daughter the Qīnghé princess be the wife of Xiàhóu Mào.16 Cáo Pī when young had been close with Xiàhóu Mào, and when Cáo Pī succeeded the Throne, Xiàhóu Máo became Securing West General, Wielding Staff, succeeding Xiàhóu Yuān’s position as Capital Commander in Guānzhōng. Xiàhóu Mào by nature was without military strategy, and enjoyed making money running businesses. When Cáo Ruì went on western campaign, someone reported Xiàhóu Mào, and therefore he was summoned back to become a Secretariat Writer.
During the time when Xiàhóu Mào was in the west, he took on many concubines, and the princess because of this was not harmonious with Xiàhóu Mào. After that, Xiàhóu Mào’s younger brothers did not comply with etiquette restrictions, Xiàhóu Mào repeatedly reprimanded them, the younger brothers feared they would meet with punishment, and so together framed Xiàhóu Mào for slander, having the princess report it, and there was Imperial Order to arrest Xiàhóu Mào. The Emperor Cáo Ruì intended to kill him, and about it asked Cháng River Colonel Jīngzhào’s Duàn Mò. Duàn Mò believed: “This certainly is the Qīnghé princess and Xiàhóu Mào not getting along producing slander and framing. May it not be considered as fact. Moreover Subduing Waves [General Xiàhóu Dūn] with the Former Emperor [Cáo Cāo] had achievements in settling Heaven’s Under, it is appropriate to reconsider.” The Emperor Cáo Ruì’s thoughts were resolved and he said: “I also believe it so.” Thus issued Imperial Order to investigate who composed the memorial for the princess, and indeed it was Xiàhóu Mào’s younger brothers Zǐzāng and Zǐjiāng framing him.17
When Zhūgě Liàng sent out the army toward Qíshān, at the time there were long-serving officers Wèi Yán and Wú Yī and others, and those discussing said one of them should be sent as the front line, but Zhūgě Liàng went against the masses and selected Mǎ Sù to lead the multitudes at the front.18 Wáng Píng was Advisor to the Army to Mǎ Sù’s command of the front. Mǎ Sù abandoned the river to go up the mountains, his deployments were complex and bothersome. Wáng Píng continuously remonstrated Mǎ Sù, but Mǎ Sù would not listen.19
Wèi officer Zhāng Hé was added rank as Specially Advanced and sent to command the various armies, resisting Zhūgě Liàng’s officer Mǎ Sù at Jiētíng. Mǎ Sū relied on obstructing the southern mountains, not going down to occupy the city. Zhāng Hé cut off their water supply, struck, and greatly defeated them.20
Zhūgě Liàng had sent Mǎ Sù as commander of the various armies at the front, with Zhāng Hé battling at Jiēting. Mǎ Sù violated Zhūgě Liàng’s restrictions, his actions were not appropriate, and he was by Zhāng Hé greatly defeated.21 Mǎ Sù’s multitudes completely scattered apart, only Wáng Píng’s command of a thousand men trumpeted and drummed to organize themselves. Wèi officer Zhāng Hé suspected there were ambush troops, and did not pressure them. Therefore Wáng Píng slowly collected and gathered the various regiments that were left behind, leading the officers and soldiers back.22
Xiàng Lǎng appellation Jùdá was a Xiāngyáng Yíchéng man. Previously he had succeeded Wáng Lián as designate Assistant Chancellor’s Chief Clerk, remaining to govern rear affairs when Assistant Chancellor Zhūgě Liàng had gone on his Southern Campaign [in 225], and then he accompanied Zhūgě Liàng to Hànzhōng [in 227]. Xiàng Lǎng formerly been friends with Mǎ Sù. When Mǎ Sù ran away, Xiàng Lǎng knew the situation but did not report it. Zhūgě Liàng resented this, dismissing Xiàng Lǎng from office and sending him back to Chéngdū.23
When Zhūgě Liàng sent Mǎ Sù toward Jiētíng, Gāo Xiáng was sent to garrison Liǔchéng. While Zhāng Hé struck Mǎ Sù, Guō Huái attacked Gāo Xiáng’s camps, and both Mǎ Sù and Gāo Xiáng were defeated. Guō Huái also defeated Lǒngxī’s famed Qiāng Táng Tí at Fūhǎn, and was added Establishing Authority General.24
Jiāng Wéi appellation Bóyuē was a Tiānshuǐ Jì man. When young he lost his father and lived with his mother. He was good at Zhèng scholarship.25 As a man he enjoyed establishing achievement and fame, secretly raising private soldiers who would fight to the death, not attending to plain clothes businesses.26 He served in the prefecture as a sending up calculations official, the province recruited him as an Attending Official. His father Jiāng Jiǒng in the past had been a prefecture Merit Department officer, it happened the Qiāng and Róng rebelled, he personally protected the prefecture officer, dying on the battlefield, and so bestowed on Jiāng Wéi office as an Internal Cadet, advising on his home prefecture’s military affairs.27
When Zhūgě Liàng’s army headed toward Qíshān, at the time the Tiānshǔi Administrator happened to be out on inspection tour, Jiāng Wéi with Merit Department official Liáng Xù, Registrar Yǐn Shǎng, Recorder Liáng Qián and others accompanying the journey. The Administrator heard the Shǔ army had suddenly arrived and the various counties were welcoming in answer, suspected Jiāng Wéi and the rest all would have disloyal hearts, and therefore in the night fled to defend Shàngguī. Jiāng Wéi and the rest discovered the Administrator had left, chased but was too late, reached the city gates, the city gates were already shut and would not accept them. Jiāng Wéi and the rest led one another back to Jì city, and Jì city also would not let in Jiāng Wéi. Jiāng Wéi and the rest thus all went to Zhūgě Liàng.
It happened Mǎ Sù was defeated at Jiētíng. Zhūgě Liàng evacuated and led over a thousand families from Xī county along with Jiāng Wéi and the rest. Therefore Jiāng Wéi was then separated from his mother.
Zhūgĕ Liàng recruited Jiāng Wéi as a Granary Department official, added Serving Righteousness General, enfeoffed as Dāngyáng precinct Marquess, at the time his years were twenty-seven.
Zhūgě Liàng’s letter to his Remaining Office Chief Clerk Zhāng Yì and Advisor to the Army Jiǎng Wǎn said: “Jiāng Bóyuē is loyal and diligent in present affairs, his thinking refined and precise. Examining what he possesses, [even] men like [Lǐ Shào] Yǒngnán and [Mǎ Liáng] Jìcháng do not compare. This man is Liáng province’s top serviceman.” It also said: “We must first have him lead Internal Tiger Infantry of five to six thousand men. Jiāng Bóyuē is extremely clever in military affairs, has courage and insight, and deeply understands warfare thinking. This man’s heart remembers the Hàn House, and his talent is double that of other men. When he has finished leading military affairs, he should be sent to visit the Palace, and meet the Ruler Above.”28
When Mǎ Sù was defeated, Zhūgě Liàng had nowhere to advance,29 and so evacuated from Xī county over a thousand families, returned to Hànzhōng, and killed Mǎ Sù to apologize to the masses.30 Mǎ Sù was sent down to prison and died, Zhūgě Liàng for him shed tears. Mǎ Sù at the time was thirty-nine.31
When Mǎ Sù was facing his end, his letter to Zhūgě Liàng said: “Your Enlightened Excellency looked on [me, Mǎ] Sù like to a son, [I, Mǎ] Sù looked to Your Enlightened Excellency like to a father. May you deeply ponder the meaning of executing Gǔn to encourage Yǔ, to let our life’s interactions to not be lost like this, and though [I, Mǎ] Sù die there will be no regrets in the yellow earth.” At the time multitudes of a hundred thousand wept for him. Zhūgě Liàng personally oversaw sacrifices for him, caring for Mǎ Sù’s orphans like his own.
Later, when Jiǎng Wǎn visited Hànzhōng, he said: “In the past Chǔ killed Déchén, and afterward [Jìn] Duke Wén’s delight could be known. Heaven’s Under is not yet settled and yet to kill a servicemen of wise planning, how is it not a pity?”
Zhūgě Liàng shed tears and said: “That Sūn Wǔ was able to prevail over Heaven’s Under was that his use of law was clear. Therefore when Yáng Gàn violated the law, Wèi Jiàng killed his driver. The Four Seas are split apart, weapon engagements just starting, if there is further abandonment of law, what use is suppressing bandits?”32
Zhūgě Liàng executed Mǎ Sù and Generals Zhāng Xiū and Lǐ Shèng, and seized the troops of General Huáng Xí and others. Wáng Píng alone specially met with esteem and prominence, added appointment as Advisor to the Army, commanding the Five Divisions and managing barrack affairs, advanced in rank to Suppressing Bandits General, enfeoffed as a precinct Marquess.33
Wáng Píng appellation Zǐjūn was a Bāxī Dàngqú man, originally raised by his maternal family the Hé clan, later returned his surname to Wáng.34
Zhūgě Liàng sent up memorial that said: “Your Servant of weak ability arrogantly stole an improper position, personally wielded banner and battle- ax to command the Three Armies, was not able to be strict in regulations and clear in laws, in facing the situation was afraid, so that there was the fault of disobeying orders at Jiētíng, and the loss of Jīgǔ being unprepared. The blame is entirely on Your Servant making improper appointments. Your Servant clearly does not understand men, in relieving matters is often ignorant. The Chūnqiū reproaches the commander, Your Servant’s duty is to accept it. Request to demote myself three ranks, to punish this fault.”
Therefore Zhūgě Liàng became Right General, enacting Assistant Chancellor’s affairs, governing as before.35
Someone advised Zhūgě Liàng to again mobilize troops. Zhūgě Liàng said: “The main armies at Qíshān and Jīgǔ were all more than the [Wèi] rebels, but they were unable to defeat the rebels and were by the rebels defeated, then this defect is not in troops being few, it is only on my one person. Now I wish to reduce troops and decrease officers, make clear punishments and consider mistakes, investigate the ways of pragmatic changes for the future. If it cannot be so, even if the troops are many it is of what use? From now afterward, all those having loyal anxieties for the state, are only to diligently attack my mistakes, then the affair can be settled, the rebels can be killed, the achievements can be with raised feet waited for.” Therefore he examined the smallest labors, evaluated the illustrious and strong, took the blame and reprimanded himself, announcing his failings to Heaven’s Under, sharpened weapons and discussed warfare, to form later plans, the soldiers practiced and drills, the people forgot their defeat.36
Zhūgě Liàng said: “At Jiētíng when the army retreated, the soldiers and officers no longer took note of each other. At Jīgǔ when the army retreated, the soldiers and officers from the beginning did not lose one another. What was the reason?”
Dèng Zhī answered saying: “[Zhào] Yún personally cut off the rear, the army’s supplies and various things overall had nothing abandoned. The soldiers and officers had no opportunity to lose one another.”
Zhào Yún had surplus fabric in the military supplies, Zhūgě Liàng had him divide and bestow it on the officers and soldiers. Zhào Yún said: “The military affairs were without success, for what reason are there bestowals? These things I request to all have enter the Red Shore Office Treasury, and wait until the Tenth Moon to be winter bestowals.” Zhūgě Liàng greatly praised this.37
The next year, Jiànxīng Seventh Year [229], Zhào Yún died.38 Previously, Huáng Zhōng had died in Jiàn’ān Twenty-fifth Year [220].39
Chén Shòu’s Appraisal states: Huáng Zhōng and Zhào Yún were strong and ferocious, vigorous and fierce, both serving as claws and teeth. Were they of the sorts as Guàn [Yīng] and Téng [Xiàhóu Yīng]?40
When Shǔ’s chief officer Zhūgě Liàng invaded the borders, Tiānshuǐ, Nán’ān, Āndìng three prefectures officials and people had rebelled to welcome Zhūgě Lìang.41 Āndìng civilian Yáng Tiáo and others captured officials and people to defend Yuèzhī city, General-in-Chief Cáo Zhēn advanced to army to besiege them. Yáng Tiáo said to his multitudes: “The General-in-Chief has personally come, I am willing to quickly surrender.” Therefore he bound himself and went out. The three prefectures were all pacified.
Cáo Zhēn believed that because Zhūgě Liàng had been checked at Qíshān, Zhūgě Liàng would certainly later set out against Chéncāng, and so sent Generals Hǎo Zhāo and Wáng Shēng to defend Chéncāng, repairing its fortifications.42
Second Moon in Wèi, Dīngwèi [April 9], Cáo Ruì reached Cháng’ān,43 and issued an announcement to Heaven’s Under and declaration to Yì province that said: “Liú Bèi turned his back on kindness, himself scurrying to Bā-Shǔ. Zhūgě Liàng abandoned the country of his father and mother, flattering a faction of cruel rebels, spirits and people are poisoned, evils accumulating and bodies destroyed. [Zhūgě] Liàng outside seeks the reputation of supporting an orphaned ruler, but inside in truth greedily seizes power. Liú Shēngzhī and his brothers defend an empty city and nothing more. [Zhūgě] Liàng also disgraces and changes the Yì [Province] lands, oppressively exploiting its people, and therefore of the Lìláng, Dàngqú, Gāodìng, and Qīngqiāng, there are none that are not dissipated and become [Zhūgě] Liàng's enemies. Yet [Zhūgě] Liàng instead reverses fur coat to carry firewood, wearing out the lining and losing all the hairs, cuts off toes to fit shoes, carving flesh and breaking bones, yet on the contrary praises himself as able. He moves troops at the bottom of a well, travels on foot in ox hooves. From when We succeeded the throne, the three borders were without affairs, yet I am sorrowful that Heaven’s Under repeatedly encounters weapons and armor. Moreover I wish to nurture the elders and aged of the Four Seas, raise the later born orphans and young, first develop society with Rites and Music, and next speak of military affairs in gaps in farming, placing [Zhūgě] Liàng outside of that plan, and not yet worrying about him. But [Zhūgě] Liàng harbored Lǐ Xióng’s deceptive and valorous ambitions, did not consider Jīng Hán’s admonishment on gauging virtue, hurried on officials and people, plundering for gain at Qíshān. The Ruler’s Brigades exerted and awed, their courage was broken and spirit depleted, Mǎ Sù and Gāo Xiáng looked at our banners and fled in defeat. Our tiger ministers pursued and defeated them, treading corpses and wading in blood, and [Zhūgě] Liàng this petty fellow was shaken and alarmed by Our brigades. The ferocious and acute leap onward, all thinking of ever driving on. We believe that of the lands none are not the ruler’s subjects, beyond where the brigades occupy, brambles are produced, and I do not wish to send a thousand household’s loyal and honest and chaste and good, to with that depraved and muddled group together be destroyed. Therefore I first give this disclosure, to show clearly the state’s honesty, encourage thinking of change, to not stay in a disordered country. Bā-Shǔ’s officers and officials and people all by [Zhūgě] Liàng coerced and compelled, from Excellencies and Ministers on down all are to listen and bind hands.”44
Previously, Cáo Ruì, because Liáng Province was far away and its south bordered with Shǔ, appointed Xú Miǎo as Liáng Province Inspector and Envoy Wielding Staff as designate Protector of the Qiāng colonel. He arrived, and it happened Zhūgě Liàng set out to Qíshān, Lǒngyòu three prefectures rebelled, Xú Miǎo at once sent his Advisor to the Army and Jīnchéng Administrator and others to strike the Nán’ān rebels, defeating them.45
Xú Miǎo appellation Jǐngshān was a Yān state Jì man. After Cáo Cāo pacified the Hé’s north, he was summoned as an Assistant Chancellor’s Army Planning Official, probationally observing Fènggāo Magistrate, later entered as East Department Consultation Director Scribe. When Wèi state was first established [in 213] he became a Secretariat Writer Cadet. At that time there were laws banning alcohol, but Xú Miǎo secretly drank to intoxication, Investigator of Affairs Zhào Dá investigated the Department affairs, Xú Miǎo said: “Inside is a sagely man.” Zhào Dá reported him to Cáo Cāo, Cáo Cāo was extremely angry. Crossing the Liáo General Xiānyú Fǔ advanced and said: “On ordinary days, intoxicated retainers call filtered liquor as ‘sagely man,’ unfiltered as ‘worthy man.’ [Xú] Miǎo by nature cultivates caution, it is only accidental intoxicated speech.” Xú Miǎo was indeed able to escape punishment. Later he was designate Lǒngxī Administrator, transferred to Nán’ān. After Cáo Pī ascended as Emperor [in 220], Xú Miǎo successively served as Qiáo Chancellor, Píngyáng and Ānpíng Administrator, Yǐngchuān Manager of Agriculture Internal Cadet General, wherever he was he was praised, bestowed rank as Within the Passes Marquess. When the Imperial Carriage visited Xǔchāng, Cáo Pī asked Xú Miǎo: “Are you still a sagely man or not?” Xú Miǎo replied saying: “In the past Zǐfǎn was intoxicated at Gǔyáng, Yù Shū was punished for drinking alcohol. Your Servant’s addiciton is the same as those two, I am unable to reprimand myself, and often am again among them. However they for their shamefulness were recorded, while Your Servant for drunkeness is remembered.” Cáo Pī greatly laughed, turning to his Left and Right and saying: “His reputation is not falsely established!” Promoted Xú Miǎo to Succoring Army General-in-Chief’s Army Preceptor.46
West of the Hé there was little rain, and always suffered from lack of grain. Xú Miǎo went up and repaired Wǔwēi’s and Jiǔquán’s salt pools to obtain foreign grain, and also expanded and opened paddy fields, recruiting the poor to farm it, and family after family had abundance, the granaries and storehouses full to overflowing. Thus there was surplus remaining after paying for the provincial border military supplies, used to buy metal and silk and dogs and horses, connecting and providing for the expenses of the central states. He gradually collected and reduced the private weapons among the people, storing them in official warehouses. Afterward he led with benvolence and righteousness, establishing schools and enlightening teachings, prohibited lavish burial, cutting off excessive sacrifices, advancing the good and dismissing the bad, cultivated transforming greatly enacted, the Hundred Surnames submitting hearts. The Western Regions being connected, the distant Róng entering to offer tribute, all was Xú Miǎo’s achievement. Later, in suppressing the rebelling Qiāng Kēwú he had achievements and was enfeoffed as a capital precinct Marquess, fief of three hundred households, added Establishing Authority General. Xú Miǎo with the Qiāng and Hú attended affairs, not investigating small mistakes; if there was violation of a serious crime, he first informed the tribal leaders to have them know, and after they agreed to the death then executed publicly, and therefore they trusted in and submitted and feared his authority. His rewards and bestowments he all distributed to the officers and soldiers, none entering his house, his wives and children’s clothes and foods were not sufficient. Cáo Ruì heard and praised him, and at times provided for his family. He persecuted the nefarious and bound the unjust, the provincial borders were solemn and purified.47
Third Moon in Wú [228 April 22 - May 20], Sūn Quán enfeoffed his second son Sūn Lǜ as Marquess of Jiànchāng. Abolished Dōng’ān prefecture.48
Previously, in Dānyáng, Wú, and Kuàijī, the mountain peoples repeatedly became bandits, attacking and destroying the subordinate counties. Sūn Quán divided from the three prefectures the rugged terrain into Dōng’ān prefecture with Quán Cóng its designate Administrator. Quán Cóng arrived, made clear rewards and punishments, enticing them to surrender and submit, within several years obtaining over ten thousand people. Sūn Quán summoned Quán Cóng back to Niúzhǔ, abolishing Dōng’ān prefecture.49 When Quán Cóng returned, he passed through Qiántáng, repaired and sacrificed the graves, his signal flag and banners and staff and canopy gazzling his old hometown, inviting and meeting the townsmen and his old friends and acquaintances, clansmen and six relations, giving out and sharing in the thousands to ten thousands, his homeland by this was glorified.50
Summer, Fourth Moon in Wèi [May 22 - June 19], Dīngyǒu [May 29], Cáo Ruì returned to Luòyáng Palace. Pardoned prisoners who were not condemned to death on down.51
At the time there was a false report saying the Emperor Cáo Ruì had already passed away and the attending carriages’ various ministers were welcoming and enthroning the King of Yōngqiū Cáo Zhí. The capital from Grand Dowager Empress Biàn and the various Excellencies were all afraid. When Cáo Ruì returned, all personally went to see his face. Dowager Biàn was both sorrowful and pleased, and wished to find who started the rumor. Cáo Ruì said: “Heaven’s Under all said it, who could be found?”52
Dīngsì [June 18], discussed the achievement of suppressing Zhūgě Liàng, enfeoffing and increasing fiefs each on individual basis.53
《陳壽·魏志三·明帝紀》二年春正月，宣王攻破新城，斬達，傳其首。分新城之上庸、武陵、巫縣為上庸郡，錫縣為錫郡。
《房玄龄·晉書一·宣帝紀》初，達與亮書曰：「宛去洛八百里，去吾一千二百里，聞吾舉事，當表上天子，比相反覆，一月間也，則吾城已固，諸軍足辦。則吾所在深險，司馬公必不自來；諸將來，吾無患矣。」及兵到，達又告亮曰：「吾舉事八日，而兵至城下，何其神速也！」上庸城三面阻水，達於城外為木柵以自固。帝渡水，破其柵，直造城下。八道攻之，旬有六日，達甥鄧賢、將李輔等開門出降。斬達，傳首京師。
裴松之注《陳壽·魏志三·明帝紀》魏略曰：宣王誘達將李輔及達甥鄧賢，賢等開門納軍。達被圍旬有六日而敗，焚其首于洛陽四達之衢。
《房玄龄·晉書一·宣帝紀》俘獲萬餘人，振旅還于宛。
《房玄龄·晉書一·宣帝紀》初，申儀久在魏興，專威疆埸，輒承制刻印，多所假授。達既誅，有自疑心。時諸郡守以帝新克捷，奉禮求賀，皆聽之。帝使人諷儀，儀至，問承制狀，執之，歸于京師。又徙孟達餘眾七千餘家於幽州。蜀將姚靜、鄭他等帥其屬七千餘人來降。
《陳壽·蜀志五·諸葛亮傳》六年春，揚聲由斜谷道取郿，使趙雲、鄧芝為疑軍，據箕谷，魏大將軍曹真舉眾拒之。
《陳壽·蜀志六·趙雲傳》雲、芝兵弱敵彊，失利於箕谷，然斂眾固守，不至大敗。軍退，貶為鎮軍將軍。
《陳壽·蜀志五·諸葛亮傳》亮身率諸軍攻祁山，戎陳整齊，賞罰肅而號令明，南安、天水、安定三郡叛魏應亮，關中響震。
裴松之注《陳壽·蜀志五·諸葛亮傳》魏略曰：始，國家以蜀中惟有劉備。備既死，數歲寂然無聲，是以略無備預；而卒聞亮出，朝野恐懼，隴右、祁山尤甚，故三郡同時應亮。
裴松之注《陳壽·魏志三·明帝紀》魏書曰：是時朝臣未知計所出，帝曰：「亮阻山為固，今者自來，既合兵書致人之術；且亮貪三郡，知進而不知退，今因此時，破亮必也。」乃部勒兵馬步騎五萬拒亮。
《陳壽·魏志十三·鍾繇傳》毓字稚叔。年十四為散騎侍郎，機捷談笑，有父風。太和初，蜀相諸葛亮圍祁山，明帝欲西征，毓上疏曰：「夫策貴廟勝，功尚帷幄，不下殿堂之上，而決勝千里之外。車駕宜鎮守中土，以為四方威勢之援。今大軍西征，雖有百倍之威，於關中之費，所損非一。且盛暑行師，詩人所重，實非至尊動軔之時也。」
《陳壽·蜀志五·諸葛亮傳》魏明帝西鎮長安，命張郃拒亮。
《陳壽·魏志三·明帝紀》蜀大將諸葛亮寇邊，天水、南安、安定三郡吏民叛應亮。遣大將軍曹真都督關右，並進兵。
《陳壽·蜀志十·魏延傳》五年，諸葛亮駐漢中，更以延為督前部，領丞相司馬、涼州刺史。
裴松之注《陳壽·蜀志十·魏延傳》魏略曰：夏侯楙為安西將軍，鎮長安，亮於南鄭與群下計議，延曰：「聞夏侯楙少，主婿也，怯而無謀。今假延精兵五千，負糧五千，直從褒中出，循秦嶺而東，當子午而北，不過十日可到長安。楙聞延奄至，必乘船逃走。長安中惟有御史、京兆太守耳，橫門邸閣與散民之穀足周食也。比東方相合聚，尚二十許日，而公從斜谷來，必足以達。如此，則一舉而咸陽以西可定矣。」亮以為此縣危，不如安從坦道，可以平取隴右，十全必克而無虞，故不用延計。
《陳壽·魏志九·夏侯惇傳》初，太祖以女妻楙，即清河公主也。
《陳壽·魏志九·夏侯惇傳》魏略曰：楙字子林，惇中子也。文帝少與楙親，及即位，以為安西將軍、持節，承夏侯淵處都督關中。楙性無武略，而好治生。至太和二年，明帝西征，人有白楙者，遂召還為尚書。楙在西時，多畜伎妾，公主由此與楙不和。其後群弟不遵禮度，楙數切責，弟懼見治，乃共搆楙以誹謗，令主奏之，有詔收楙。帝意欲殺之，以問長水校尉京兆段默，默以為「此必清河公主與楙不睦，出于譖搆，冀不推實耳。且伏波與先帝有定天下之功，宜加三思」。帝意解，曰：「吾亦以為然。」乃發詔推問為公主作表者，果其群弟子臧、子江所搆也。
《陳壽·蜀志九·馬良傳》建興六年，亮出軍向祁山，時有宿將魏延、吳壹等，論者皆言以為宜令為先鋒，而亮違眾拔謖，統大眾在前，與魏將張郃戰于街亭，為郃所破，士卒離散。
《陳壽·蜀志十三·王平傳》建興六年，屬參軍馬謖先鋒。謖舍水上山，舉措煩擾，平連規諫謖，謖不能用，大敗於街亭。眾盡星散，惟平所領千人，鳴鼓自持，魏將張郃疑其伏兵，不往偪也。
《陳壽·魏志十七·張郃傳》加郃位特進，遣督諸軍，拒亮將馬謖於街亭。謖依阻南山，不下據城。郃絕其汲道，擊，大破之。
《陳壽·蜀志五·諸葛亮傳》魏明帝西鎮長安，命張郃拒亮，亮使馬謖督諸軍在前，與郃戰于街亭。謖違亮節度，舉動失宜，大為郃所破。
《陳壽·蜀志十三·王平傳》眾盡星散，惟平所領千人，鳴鼓自持，魏將張郃疑其伏兵，不往偪也。於是平徐徐收合諸營遺迸，率將士而還。
《陳壽·蜀志十一·向朗傳》向朗字巨達，襄陽宜城人也。荊州牧劉表以為臨沮長。表卒，歸先主。先主定江南，使朗督秭歸、夷道、巫（山）、夷陵四縣軍民事。蜀既平，以朗為巴西太守，頃之轉任牂牁，又徙房陵。後主踐阼，為步兵校尉，代王連領丞相長史。丞相亮南征，朗留統後事。五年，隨亮漢中。朗素與馬謖善，謖逃亡，朗知情不舉，亮恨之，免官還成都。
《陳壽·魏志二十六·郭淮傳》太和二年，蜀相諸葛亮出祁山，遣將軍馬謖至街亭，高詳屯列柳城。張郃擊謖，淮攻詳營，皆破之。又破隴西名羌唐蹏於枹罕，加建威將軍。
《陳壽·蜀志十四·姜維傳》姜維字伯約，天水冀人也。少孤，與母居。好鄭氏學。
裴松之注《陳壽·蜀志十四·姜維傳》傅子曰：維為人好立功名，陰養死士，不脩布衣之業。
《陳壽·蜀志十四·姜維傳》仕郡上計掾，州辟為從事。以父冏昔為郡功曹，值羌、戎叛亂，身衛郡將，沒於戰場，賜維官中郎，參本郡軍事。
《陳壽·蜀志十四·姜維傳》仕郡上計掾，州辟為從事。以父冏昔為郡功曹，值羌、戎叛亂，身衛郡將，沒於戰場，賜維官中郎，參本郡軍事。建興六年，丞相諸葛亮軍向祁山，時天水太守適出案行，維及功曹梁緒、主簿尹賞、主記梁虔等從行。太守聞蜀軍垂至，而諸縣響應，疑維等皆有異心，於是夜亡保上邽。維等覺太守去，追遲，至城門，城門已閉，不納。維等相率還冀，冀亦不入維。維等乃俱詣諸葛亮。會馬謖敗於街亭，亮拔將西縣千餘家及維等還，故維遂與母相失。亮辟維為倉曹掾，加奉義將軍，封當陽亭侯，時年二十七。亮與留府長史張裔、參軍蔣琬書曰：「姜伯約忠勤時事，思慮精密，考其所有，永南、季常諸人不如也。其人，涼州上士也。」又曰：「須先教中虎步兵五六千人。姜伯約甚敏於軍事，既有膽義，深解兵意。此人心存漢室，而才兼於人，畢教軍事，當遣詣宮，覲見主上。」
《陳壽·蜀志九·馬良傳》亮進無所據，退軍還漢中。謖下獄物故，亮為之流涕。良死時年三十六，謖年三十九。
《陳壽·蜀志五·諸葛亮傳》亮拔西縣千餘家，還于漢中，戮謖以謝眾。
《陳壽·蜀志九·馬良傳》亮進無所據，退軍還漢中。謖下獄物故，亮為之流涕。良死時年三十六，謖年三十九。
裴松之注《陳壽·蜀志九·馬良傳》襄陽記曰：謖臨終與亮書曰：「明公視謖猶子，謖視明公猶父，願深惟殛鯀興禹之義，使平生之交不虧於此，謖雖死無恨於黃壤也。」于時十萬之眾為之垂涕。亮自臨祭，待其遺孤若平生。蔣琬後詣漢中，謂亮曰：「昔楚殺得臣，然後文公喜可知也。天下未定而戮智計之士，豈不惜乎！」亮流涕曰：「孫武所以能制勝於天下者，用法明也。是以楊干亂法，魏絳戮其僕。四海分裂，兵交方始，若復廢法，何用討賊邪！」
《陳壽·蜀志十三·王平傳》丞相亮既誅馬謖及將軍張休、李盛，奪將軍黃襲等兵，平特見崇顯，加拜參軍，統五部兼當營事，進位討寇將軍，封亭侯。
《陳壽·蜀志十三·王平傳》王平字子均，巴西宕渠人也。本養外家何氏，後復姓王。
《陳壽·蜀志五·諸葛亮傳》上疏曰：「臣以弱才，叨竊非據，親秉旄鉞以厲三軍，不能訓章明法，臨事而懼，至有街亭違命之闕，箕谷不戒之失，咎皆在臣授任無方。臣明不知人，恤事多闇，春秋責帥，臣職是當。請自貶三等，以督厥咎。」於是以亮為右將軍，行丞相事，所總統如前。
裴松之注《陳壽·蜀志五·諸葛亮傳》漢晉春秋曰：或勸亮更發兵者，亮曰：「大軍在祁山、箕谷，皆多於賊，而不能破賊為賊所破者，則此病不在兵少也，在一人耳。今欲減兵省將，明罰思過，校變通之道於將來；若不能然者，雖兵多何益！自今已後，諸有忠慮於國，但勤攻吾之闕，則事可定，賊可死，功可蹻足而待矣。」於是考微勞，甄烈壯，引咎責躬，布所失於天下，厲兵講武，以為後圖，戎士簡練，民忘其敗矣。
裴松之注《陳壽·蜀志六·趙雲傳》雲別傳曰：亮曰：「街亭軍退，兵將不復相錄，箕谷軍退，兵將初不相失，何故？」芝答曰：「雲身自斷後，軍資什物，略無所棄，兵將無緣相失。」雲有軍資餘絹，亮使分賜將士，雲曰：「軍事無利，何為有賜？其物請悉入赤岸府庫，須十月為冬賜。」亮大善之。
《陳壽·蜀志六·趙雲傳》七年卒，追諡順平侯。
《陳壽·蜀志六·黃忠傳》遂與羽等齊位，賜爵關內侯。明年卒，追諡剛侯。
《陳壽·蜀志六·關張馬黃趙傳》評曰：黃忠、趙雲彊摯壯猛，並作爪牙，其灌、滕之徒歟？
《陳壽·魏志三·明帝紀》蜀大將諸葛亮寇邊，天水、南安、安定三郡吏民叛應亮。
《陳壽·魏志九·曹真傳》安定民楊條等略吏民保月支城，真進軍圍之。條謂其眾曰：「大將軍自來，吾願早降耳。」遂自縛出。三郡皆平。真以亮懲於祁山，後出必從陳倉，乃使將軍郝昭、王生守陳倉，治其城。
《陳壽·魏志三·明帝紀》丁未，行幸長安。
裴松之注《陳壽·魏志三·明帝紀》魏略載帝露布天下并班告益州曰：「劉備背恩，自竄巴蜀。諸葛亮棄父母之國，阿殘賊之黨，神人被毒，惡積身滅。亮外慕立孤之名，而內貪專擅之實。劉升之兄弟守空城而己。亮又侮易益土，虐用其民，是以利狼、宕渠、高定、青羌莫不瓦解，為亮仇敵。而亮反裘負薪，裏盡毛殫，刖趾適屨，刻肌傷骨，反更稱說，自以為能。行兵於井底，游步於牛蹄。自朕即位，三邊無事，猶哀憐天下數遭兵革，且欲養四海之耆老，長後生之孤幼，先移風於禮樂，次講武於農隙，置亮畫外，未以為虞。而亮懷李熊愚勇之（智）〔志〕，不思荊邯度德之戒，驅略吏民，盜利祁山。王師方振，膽破氣奪，馬謖、高祥，望旗奔敗。虎臣逐北，蹈尸涉血，亮也小子，震驚朕師。猛銳踊躍，咸思長驅。朕惟率土莫非王臣，師之所處，荊棘生焉，不欲使千室之邑忠信貞良，與夫淫昏之黨，共受塗炭。故先開示，以昭國誠，勉思變化，無滯亂邦。巴蜀將吏士民諸為亮所劫迫，公卿已下皆聽束手。」
《陳壽·魏志二十七·徐邈傳》明帝以涼州絕遠，南接蜀寇，以邈為涼州刺史，使持節領護羌校尉。至，值諸葛亮出祁山，隴右三郡反，邈輒遣參軍及金城太守等擊南安賊，破之。
《陳壽·魏志二十七·徐邈傳》徐邈字景山，燕國薊人也。太祖平河朔，召為丞相軍謀掾，試守奉高令，入為東曹議令史。魏國初建，為尚書郎。時科禁酒，而邈私飲至於沈醉。校事趙達問以曹事，邈曰：「中聖人。」達白之太祖，太祖甚怒。度遼將軍鮮于輔進曰：「平日醉客謂酒清者為聖人，濁者為賢人，邈性脩慎，偶醉言耳。」竟坐得免刑。後領隴西太守，轉為南安。文帝踐阼，歷譙相，平陽、安平太守，潁川典農中郎將，所在著稱，賜爵關內侯。車駕幸許昌，問邈曰：「頗復中聖人不？」邈對曰：「昔子反斃於穀陽，御叔罰於飲酒，臣嗜同二子，不能自懲，時復中之。然宿瘤以醜見傳，而臣以醉見識。」帝大笑，顧左右曰：「名不虛立。」遷撫軍大將軍軍師。
《陳壽·魏志二十七·徐邈傳》河右少雨，常苦乏穀，邈上脩武威、酒泉鹽池以收虜穀，又廣開水田，募貧民佃之，家家豐足，倉庫盈溢。乃支度州界軍用之餘，以市金帛犬馬，通供中國之費。以漸收斂民閒私仗，藏之府庫。然後率以仁義，立學明訓，禁厚葬，斷淫祀，進善黜惡，風化大行，百姓歸心焉。西域流通，荒戎入貢，皆邈勳也。討叛羌柯吾有功，封都亭侯，邑三百戶，加建威將車。邈與羌、胡從事，不問小過；若犯大罪，先告部帥，使知，應死者乃斬以徇，是以信服畏威。賞賜皆散與將士，無入家者，妻子衣食不充；天子聞而嘉之，隨時供給其家。彈邪繩枉，州界肅清。
《陳壽·吳志二·吳主傳》七年春三月，封子慮為建昌侯。罷東安郡。
《陳壽·吳志十五·全琮傳》是時丹楊、吳、會山民復為寇賊，攻沒屬縣，權分三郡險地為東安郡，琮領太守。至，明賞罰，招誘降附，數年中，得萬餘人。權召琮還牛渚，罷東安郡。
裴松之注《陳壽·吳志十五·全琮傳》江表傳曰：琮還，經過錢唐，脩祭墳墓，麾幢節蓋，曜於舊里，請會邑人平生知舊、宗族六親，施散惠與，千有餘萬，本土以為榮。
《陳壽·魏志三·明帝紀》夏四月丁酉，還洛陽宮。赦繫囚非殊死以下。
裴松之注《陳壽·魏志三·明帝紀》魏略曰：是時訛言，云帝已崩，從駕群臣迎立雍丘王植。京師自卞太后群公盡懼。及帝還，皆私察顏色。卞太后悲喜，欲推始言者，帝曰：「天下皆言，將何所推？」
《陳壽·魏志三·明帝紀》乙巳，論討亮功，封爵增邑各有差。